Técnica minimalista para valvuloplastía aórtica percutánea / Minimally invasive balloon aortic valve valvuloplastyBackground

RESUMEN: ANTECEDENTES: La valvuloplastía aórtica es un procedimiento paliativo o como puente al reemplazo aórtico percutáneo o quirúrgico. Nuestro abordaje incluye una técnica minimalista y la utilización de balones de mayor tamaño que lo estándar. OBJETIVO: Evaluar los resultados clínicos inmediatos y alejados de pacientes tratados mediante esta técnica modificada. MÉTODOS: Se incluyó a todos los pacientes sometidos a balonplastía aórtica entre Julio del 2012 y Agosto del 2019 en nuestro centro. El procedimiento se realizó bajo sedación consciente mediante un único acceso femoral y sin instalación de un marcapasos transitorio. El éxito de la intervención se definió como caída de gradiente basal en 50% o más en ausencia de complicación mayor. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron un total de 52 procedimientos en 49 pacientes. La edad promedio fue 76 ± 9,9 años. Un tercio de los pacientes tenía una fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo ≤35% y similar proporción tenía un perfil de riesgo STS score > 10 puntos. La duración total promedio fue de 31,1 + 10,0 min. Se utilizó un balón #28 en el 84.6% de los casos. El éxito del procedimiento se alcanzó en 94,2% de los casos. Ocurrieron 2 muertes intraoperatorias (3,9%), ambas en pacientes de muy alto riesgo y 2 (3,9%) complicaciones vasculares mayores. La sobreviva en el seguimiento alejado fue 32,7%. CONCLUSIÓN: La valvuloplastia aórtica percutánea con técnica modificada, utilizando balones de mayor tamaño que lo habitual, es una técnica segura que logra óptimos resultados hemodinámicos.

ABSTRACT: Aortic balloon valvuloplasty (ABV) is a palliative procedure or a bridge to percutaneous or surgical aortic valve replacement. Our group proposes a minimalist approach that reduces the use of resources and also stands out for using larger balloons. AIM: To assess the safety and the immediate results of patients undergoing aortic balloon valvuloplasty using a minimally invasive procedure. METHODS: All patients who underwent ballon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) between July 2012 and Au- gust 2019 were included. The procedure was performed under conscious sedation using a single femoral access and without the installation of a temporary pacemaker. Success was defined as a 50% drop in the mean aortic gradient plus the absence of major complications. RESULTS: 52 procedures in 49 patients were performed; the average age was 76 ± 9,9 years. A third of patients included had a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35% and a similar proportion had a high risk profile with an STS score> 10 points. A 28 mm balloon was used in 84.6% of cases. The procedure was successful in 94,2% of cases. There were 2 (3,85%) intraoperative deaths in very high-risk patients and 2 (3,85%) major vascular complications. The survival rate at late follow up was 32,7%. CONCLUSION: Aortic balloon valvuloplasty with a minimally invasive technique using larger than usual balloons is a safe technique that achieves optimal hemodynamic results.

QT dispersion changes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with aortic stenosis

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the QT dispersion and echocardiographic parameters in patients before and after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Methods: One hundred and fifty-two patients with severe aortic valve stenosis (AS) were included in our study. Ninety five patients who underwent aortic valve replacement with TAVI were included in the TAVI group and 57 patients, who refused TAVI, were included in the medical treatment group. The QT interval and echocardiographic parameters of all patients were assessed before and after the procedure (first and sixth months and first year). The QT intervals were taken from the onset of the QRS to the end of the T wave. Results: All patients had severe AS. The average mean aortic valve gradient was 46.1±12. Left ventricular internal diastolic diameter (LVIDD) and interventricular septum diastolic thickness (IVSDT) did not change significantly after TAVI (P>0.05). QT dispersion, corrected QT dispersion, and mean aortic valve gradient changed significantly six months after TAVI (P<0.05). Compared to the medical treatment group, QT dispersion and corrected QT dispersion were significantly decreased at the sixth month in the TAVI group. The incidence of malignant arrhythmias was smaller in the TAVI group than in the medical treatment group. The mortality rate was lower at the first-year follow-up in the TAVI group than in the medical treatment group. Conclusion: Increased QT dispersion is associated with severe symptomatic AS. After TAVI, QT dispersion reduces.

An Alternative Method to Calculate Simplified Projected Aortic Valve Area at Normal Flow Rate / Um Método Alternativo para o Cálculo da Área Valvular Aórtica Projetada Simplificada em Uma Taxa de Fluxo Normal

Abstract Background: Simplified projected aortic valve area (EOAproj) is a valuable echocardiographic parameter in the evaluation of low flow low gradient aortic stenosis (LFLG AS). Its widespread use in clinical practice is hampered by the laborious process of flow rate (Q) calculation. Objetive: This study proposes a less burdensome, alternative method of Q calculation to be incorporated in the original formula of EOAproj and measures the agreement between the new proposed method of EOAproj calculation and the original one. Methods: Retrospective observational single-institution study that included all consecutive patients with classic LFLG AS that showed a Q variation with dobutamine infusion ≥ -15-% by both calculation methods. Results: Twenty-two consecutive patients with classical LFLG AS who underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography were included. Nine patients showed a Q variation with dobutamine infusion calculated by both classical and alternative methods ≥ -15-% and were selected for further statistical analysis. Using the Bland-Altman method to assess agreement we found a systematic bias of 0,037 cm2 (95% CI 0,004 - 0,066), meaning that on average the new method overestimates the EOAproj in 0,037 cm2 compared to the original method. The 95% limits of agreement are narrow (from -0,04 cm2 to 0,12 cm2), meaning that for 95% of individuals, EOAproj calculated by the new method would be between 0,04 cm2 less to 0,12 cm2 more than the EOAproj calculated by the original equation. Conclusion: The bias and 95% limits of agreement of the new method are narrow and not clinically relevant, supporting the potential interchangeability of the two methods of EOAproj calculation. As the new method requires less additional measurements, it would be easier to implement in clinical practice, promoting an increase in the use of EOAproj.

Resumo Fundamento: A área valvular aórtica projetada simplificada (AEOproj) é um parâmetro ecocardiográfico valioso na avaliação da estenose aórtica de baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente (EA BFBG). Sua utilização na prática clínica é limitada pelo trabalhoso processo de cálculo da taxa de fluxo (Q). Objetivos: Este estudo propõe um método alternativo, menos complexo, para o cálculo da Q para ser incorporado na fórmula original da AEOproj, e mede a concordância entre o novo método proposto para o cálculo da AEOproj em comparação ao método original. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, observacional, unicêntrico que incluiu todos os pacientes com AE BFBG clássica com variação da Q com infusão de dobutamina ≥ -15-% por ambos os métodos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 22 pacientes consecutivos com AE BFBG clássico, que se submeteram à ecocardiografia sob estresse com dobutamina. Nove pacientes apresentaram uma variação da Q com infusão de dobutamina calculada tanto pelo método clássico como pelo método alternativo ≥ -15-%, e foram selecionados para análise estatística. Utilizando método Bland-Altman para avaliar a concordância, encontramos um viés sistemático de 0,037 cm2 (IC 95% 0,004 - 0,066), o que significa que, em média, o novo método superestima a AEOproj em 0m037 cm2 em comparação ao método original. Os limites de concordância de 95% são estreitos (de -0,04 cm2 a 0,12 cm2), o que significa que para 95% dos indivídios, a AEOproj calculada pelo novo método estaria entre 0,04 cm2 menos a 0,12 cm2 mais que a AEOproj calculada pela equação original. Conclusão: O viés e os limites de 95% de concordância do novo método são estreitos e não são clinicamente relevantes, o que corrobora a intercambialidade dos dois métodos de cálculo da AEOproj. Uma vez que o novo método requer menos medidas, seria mais fácil de ser implementado na prática clínica, promovendo um aumento na utilização da AEOproj.

Progressão de Valvopatia Esquerda durante o Uso de Dopaminérgicos / Progression of Left Valve Disease during Use of Dopaminergic Drugs

A cabergolina e a bromocriptina são drogas dopaminérgicas derivadas do ergot e utilizadas para tratamento de distúrbios hiperprolactinêmicos idiopáticos ou adenomas hipofisários, cujo mecanismo de ação é decorrente da redução da secreção de prolactina. Alguns relatos na literatura demonstram que a cabergolina pode causar valvopatia após sua administração a longo prazo. Relatamos o caso de um paciente com diagnóstico de macroprolactinoma que fez uso intercalado de cabergolina e bromocriptina e desenvolveu alterações valvares antes inexistentes

Válvula aórtica cuadricúspide: caso clínico y discusión / Ouadricuspid aortic valve

The quadricuspid aortic valve is a rare congenital anomaly, usually presenting as an isolated malformation causing aortic regurgitation in the faith or sixth decades of life. The first reported cases were found at autopsy or became evident by surgical findings. However, the emergence of new imaging modalities currently allows an earlier diagnosis, including in asymptomatic patients. Hereby the case of a 60-year-old woman with quadricuspid aortic valve diagnosed by echocardiography is presented. A brief discussion of the disease is included.

Experimental validation of a cardiac simulator for in vitro evaluation of prosthetic heart valves

Abstract Objective: This work describes the experimental validation of a cardiac simulator for three heart rates (60, 80 and 100 beats per minute), under physiological conditions, as a suitable environment for prosthetic heart valves testing in the mitral or aortic position. Methods: In the experiment, an aortic bileaflet mechanical valve and a mitral bioprosthesis were employed in the left ventricular model. A test fluid of 47.6% by volume of glycerin solution in water at 36.5ºC was used as blood analogue fluid. A supervisory control and data acquisition system implemented previously in LabVIEW was applied to induce the ventricular operation and to acquire the ventricular signals. The parameters of the left ventricular model operation were based on in vivo and in vitro data. The waves of ventricular and systemic pressures, aortic flow, stroke volume, among others, were acquired while manual adjustments in the arterial impedance model were also established. Results: The acquired waves showed good results concerning some in vivo data and requirements from the ISO 5840 standard. Conclusion: The experimental validation was performed, allowing, in future studies, characterizing the hydrodynamic performance of prosthetic heart valves.

Bilateral isolated lens coloboma associated with bicuspid aortic valve / Coloboma de cristalino bilateral isolado associado à valva aórtica bicúspide

ABSTRACT A 27-year-old woman presented with a history of long-standing poor vision in both eyes. Ophthalmologic examination after pupillary dilatation revealed bilateral lens coloboma situated in the inferotemporal quadrant. No associated ocular abnormalities were seen, except amblyopia. A bicuspid aortic valve was observed during echocardiography during systemic evaluation. Lens coloboma usually occurs unilaterally; however, bilateral lens coloboma which is isolated or associated with other ocular malformations is also encountered. This is the first description of bilateral isolated lenticular coloboma associated with bicuspid aortic valve. Although the association between bicuspid aortic valve and lens coloboma may be an incidental finding, they may be components of an unknown syndrome.

RESUMO Uma mulher de 27 anos apresentou-se com uma história de longa data de deficiência visual em ambos os olhos. O exame oftalmológico após dilatação pupilar revelou coloboma de cristalino bilateral localizado no quadrante temporal inferior. Nenhuma outra alteração ocular associadas foi observada, exceto ambliopia. A valva aórtica bicúspide foi diagnosticada no exame de ecocardiograma durante a avaliação sistêmica. Coloboma cristaliniano ocorre geralmente de forma unilateral, no entanto já foi descrito bilateralmente, associado a outras malformações oculares ou isolado. Esta é a primeira descrição de coloboma cristaliniano isolado bilateral associado à valva aórtica bicúspide. Embora a associação de valva aórtica bicúspide e coloboma cristaliniano no nosso caso pode ter sido um achado incidental, eles podem ser componentes de uma síndrome desconhecida.

Obstrução coronária após implante de válvula aórtica por cateter para o tratamento de bioprótese valvular cirúrgica com disfunção: revisão sistemática da literatura / Coronary obstruction following transcatheter aortic valve implantation for degenerative bioprosthetic surgical valves: A systematic literature review

INTRODUÇÃO: Há poucos dados na literatura que avaliam a obstrução coronária após implante transcateter de válvula aórtica (TAVI, do inglês transcatheter aortic valve implantation) para o tratamento de disfunção de bioprótese aórtica (valve-in-valve - ViV). O presente estudo avaliou, por meio de revisão sistemática da literatura, as características clínicas, o manejo e os desfechos clínicos de pacientes com obstrução coronária após TAVI-ViV. MÉTODOS: Estudos publicados entre 2002 e 2013 avaliando a obstrução coronária como complicação de TAVI-ViV foram identificados por meio de busca eletrônica sistemática. Foram avaliados dados basais sobre as características clínicas e do procedimento, manejo da complicação e desfechos clínicos. RESULTADOS: Foram identificadas, no total, quatro publicações descrevendo sete pacientes. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (71%), sendo a média de idade de 82 ± 5 anos, com STS-PROM de 9,4 ± 2,6%. As médias da altura do tronco da artéria coronária esquerda (TCE) e o diâmetro médio da raiz aórtica foram de 8,8 ± 1,5 mm e 28,0 ± 5,0 mm, respectivamente. A maioria dos pacientes apresentava biopróteses com suporte e folhetos montados externamente, ou eram próteses sem suporte (stentless) e o TCE foi envolvido em todos os casos. A intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) foi tentada em todos os pacientes, tendo sucesso em quatro deles (57%). A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi 42,9% (três casos), todos após ICP sem sucesso. CONCLUSÕES: A obstrução coronária após TAVI-ViV ocorreu mais frequentemente em mulheres com bioprótese com suporte e folheto montado externamente ou com bioprótese sem suporte. O TCE foi envolvido em todos os casos e a ICP foi realizada com sucesso em 60% deles. Esforços contínuos poderão auxiliar na detecção dos fatores associados a essa complicação, no intuito de se implementarem medidas apropriadas para sua prevenção.

BACKGROUND: Very few data exist on coronary obstruction following transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for degenerative bioprosthetic valves (valve-in-valve - ViV). The present study evaluated, through a systematic review of the literature, the clinical characteristics, management and clinical outcomes of patients with coronary obstruction after ViV-TAVI. METHODS: Studies published between 2002 and 2013 evaluating coronary obstruction as a complication of ViV-TAVI were identified using a systematic electronic search. Data on the clinical and procedural characteristics, management of the complication, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of four publications describing seven patients were identified. Most patients (71%) were women, with mean age of 82 ± 5 years, and STS-PROM score of 9.4 ± 2.6%. Mean left coronary artery (LCA) ostium height and aortic root width were 8.8 ± 1.5 mm and 28.0 ± 5.0 mm, respectively. Most patients had stented bioprosthetic valves with externally mounted leaflets or stentless aortic bioprosthesis, and the LCA was involved in all patients. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was attempted in all patients and was successful in four (57%). In-hospital mortality was 42.9% (three cases), all of them after failed PCI. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary obstruction following ViV-TAVI occurred more frequently in women with stented bioprosthetic valves with externally mounted leaflets or with stentless bioprosthesis. The LCA was involved in all cases and PCI was successful in 60% of them. Continued efforts may help identify the factors associated with this complication so that appropriate prevention measures may be implemented.

Sobrevivência a médio prazo e estado funcional de pacientes com estenose valvar aórtica grave submetidos a implante transcateter da válvula aórtica / Medium-term survival and functional status of patients with severe aortic valve stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation

INTRODUÇÃO: O procedimento de implante transcateter da válvula aórtica (TAVI, do inglês transcatheter aortic valve implantation) representa opção de tratamento em pacientes com estenose valvar aórtica (EA) com risco cirúrgico elevado ou proibitivo. Relatamos nossa experiência usando o sistema autoexpansível Medtronic CoreValve®. MÉTODOS: No período de 2009 a 2013, 51 pacientes consecutivos com EA grave sintomática e risco cirúrgico alto ou proibitivo foram submetidos ao TAVI. Os resultados foram analisados de acordo com os critérios Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC) -2. RESULTADOS: A média de idades dos pacientes foi 82 ± 6 anos, 49% eram do sexo feminino, 19% diabéticos, 21% tinham insuficiência renal e o EuroSCORE logístico foi 17,4 ± 11,4%. O sucesso do dispositivo foi alcançado em 84,3%. Todos os pacientes tiveram diminuição significativa dos gradientes transaórticos, que foi mantida ao longo do tempo. A internação hospitalar foi de 6 dias (intervalo interquartil: 5-8,8). A mortalidade intra-hospitalar e aos 30 dias foi 7,8% e 9,8%, respectivamente. Implante de marca-passo permanente foi necessário em 32,6% dos casos; acidente cerebrovascular isquêmico ocorreu em 3,9%; e complicações vasculares maiores em 6% dos pacientes. A sobrevivência aos 6 meses e em 1 ano foi 86,3% e 84,4%, respectivamente. A classe funcional NYHA melhorou significativamente após o TAVI e permaneceu baixa no seguimento de médio prazo. CONCLUSÕES: Nesta experiência preliminar, o tratamento de pacientes com EA e risco cirúrgico alto ou proibitivo com TAVI, usando o sistema autoexpansível CoreValve®, foi considerado viável e seguro, e levou à melhoria sustentável dos sintomas cardíacos. Após a superação dos riscos iniciais de morte e de acidente cerebrovascular, o procedimento garantiu um bom resultado clínico, no longo prazo.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a treatment option for patients with aortic valve stenosis (AS) and high or prohibitive surgical risk. We report our experience using the Medtronic CoreValveTM self-expending system. METHODS: From 2009 to 2013, 51 consecutive patients with severe symptomatic AS and high or prohibitive surgical risk were submitted to TAVI. Results were analyzed according to the criteria of the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC) -2. RESULTS: Mean age was 82 ± 6 years, 49% were female, 19% were diabetic, 21% had renal failure and the logistic EuroScore was 17.4 ± 11.4%. The success rate of the device was 84.3%. All of the patients had a significant decrease of transaortic gradients, which was maintained over time. Hospitalization time was 6 days (interquartile range: 5-8,8). In-hospital mortality at 30 days was 7.8% and 9.8%, respectively. Permanent pacemaker implantation was required in 32.6% of the cases, ischemic stroke was observed in 3.9% and major vascular complications in 6% of the patients. Survival at 6 months and 1 year was 86.3% and 84.4%, respectively. NYHA functional class improved significantly after TAVI and remained low in the medium-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary experience, the treatment of patients with AS and high or prohibitive surgical risk with TAVI, using the CoreValveTM self-expanding system was feasible and safe and led to sustained improvement of cardiac symptoms. After overcoming the initial risks of death and stroke, the procedure guaranteed good long-term clinical outcomes.

Dilatación de la raíz aórtica en pacientes con válvula bicúspide tras la sustitución valvular aórtica / Aortic root dilatation in patients with Bicuspid aortic valve late after aortic valve replacement

Introducción: La válvula aórtica bicúspide (VAB) está vinculada con la patología aórtica. Pacientes con VAB tienen elevada probabilidad de requerir cirugía debido a dilatación aórtica o afectación valvular. La progresión en la dilatación aortica luego de la sustitución de la válvula aórtica (SVA) no se ha evaluado en forma definitoria. Métodos: Un total de 23 pacientes con VAB y diámetro de la raíz aortica inferior a 45 mm fueron seguidos durante una media de 8 años luego de la SVA. La medición ecocardiográfica de la raíz aórtica y la aorta tubular se realizó a los 6 y 8 años de la cirugía. Se determinaron predictores de dilatación. Resultados: La raíz aórtica entre 6 y 8 años de seguimiento incrementó significativamente de 34,6 +/- 7,4 a 37,6 +/- 7,7 mm (p <0,023), mientras que no se encontraron diferencias con la aorta tubular. La dilatación se observa principalmente en los fumadores, aquellos con antecedentes familiares y en los pacientes dislipémicos. Los factores predictores para dilatación de la raíz aórtica fueron: antecedentes familiares de VAB o de patología aórtica, el tamaño de la prótesis y la superficie corporal (SC). El análisis de regresión multivariado evidenció solo la SC y antecedentes familiares como predictores significativos de dilatación. Conclusión: La raíz aórtica continúa dilatándose tras la SVA en pacientes con VAB. La SC y la historia familiar de patología aórtica son fuertes predictores de dilatación de la raíz aórtica. Estos pacientes deben ser seguidos de cerca luego de la SVA.

Background: The presence of a bicuspid aorotic valve (BAV) is associated to aortic disease. Along their lifetime, BAV patients are highly likely to require surgery. Progression of aortic dilatation after aortic valve replacement (AVR) has not been definitely assessed. Methods: A total of 23 BAV patients with aortic diameter < 45mm were followed for a mean of 8 years after AVR. The aortic root and proximal ascending aorta were measured by echocardiografy 6 and again 8 years after surgery. Predictors for dilatation were estimated based on demographic data and pharmacologic treatment. Results: The aortic root diameter increased from 34.6+/-7.4 to 37.6+/-7.7 mm at 6 and 8 years post surgery, respectively (p=0.023). No change was observed at the tubular aorta . Mean progression of aortic root and tubular aorta during the 2-year interval was 2.9+/-4.7 mm and 0.4+/-5.8 mm respectively. Dilatation was seen mainly in smokers, those with a family history or dyslipidemia. Univariate predictors for aortic root dilatation were: family history of BAV or aortic pathology, prosthesis size and body surface area (BSA). Multivariate regression evidenced only BSA (beta coefficient 11.5) and family history (beta coefficient 4.5) as significant predictors. Conclusion: Aortic root continues to dilate after AVR in BAV patients. Higher BSA and family history of aortic pathology were found to be strong predictors of aortic root dilatation. These patients should be closely followed after AVR.

Regulação autonômica das propriedades mecânicas em bioprótese valvar porcina / Autonomic regulation of mechanical properties in porcine mitral valve cusps / Regulación autonómica de las propiedades mecánicas en bioprótesis valvular porcina

FUNDAMENTO: A presença de nervos nas válvulas cardíacas foi demonstrada pela primeira vez há décadas e identificadas em subpopulações: simpáticas e parassimpáticas, e, portanto, é esperado que as válvulas sejam grandemente afetadas pelos nervos autônomos. Entretanto, poucos estudos têm se concentrado na regulação de válvulas cardíacas pelo sistema nervoso autônomo. OBJETIVO: Buscamos identificar o papel do sistema nervoso autônomo na regulação das propriedades mecânicas dos tecidos de válvulas mitrais porcinas. MÉTODOS: As propriedades mecânicas dos folhetos de válvulas mitrais porcinas foram avaliados em resposta à norepinefrina (NE) e acetilcolina (ACH), os principais neurotransmissores. Ao mesmo tempo, fentolamina (FENT), metoprolol (Metop), atropina (Atrop) e desnudamento endotelial foram adicionados ao sistema reativo. RESULTADOS: Sob condições fisiológicas, a rigidez não foi afetada pelo desnudamento endotelial (p > 0,05). A NE significantemente aumentou a rigidez valvar por aumento de 10 vezes na concentração (10-6 vs 10-7, p < 0,05; 10-5 vs 10-6, p < 0,05). Essa resposta foi amenizada por FENT, Metop ou desnudamento endotelial (p < 0,05); entretanto, manteve-se aumentada de maneira significante quando comparada aos Controles (p < 0,05). A ACH causou uma diminuição na rigidez acompanhada por um aumento em sua concentração (alteração significante na rigidez por aumento de 10 vezes na concentração de ACH, 10-6 vs Controle, p < 0,05; 10-5 vs 10-6, p < 0,05), que foi revertida pelo desnudamento endotelial e Atrop (p > 0,05 vs Controle). CONCLUSÃO: Esses achados ressaltam o papel do sistema nervoso autônomo na regulação das propriedades mecânicas das cúspides de válvula mitral porcina, o que reforça a importância do estado nervoso autônomo no funcionamento ideal da válvula.

BACKGROUND: The presence of nerves in heart valves was first depicted decades ago and identified into subpopulations: sympathetic, parasympathetic. So valves are expected to be greatly affected by the autonomic nerves. However, few studies have focused on the regulation of heart valves by the autonomic nervous system. OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of the mechanical properties of porcine mitral valve tissues. METHODS: Mechanical properties of porcine mitral valve leaflets were evaluated in response to norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (ACH), the main neurotransmitters. At the same time, phentolamine (Phent), metoprolol (Metop), atropine (Atrop) and endothelial denudation were added to the reactive system. RESULTS: Under physiological conditions, the stiffness was not affected by endothelial denudation (p > 0.05). NE elevated the valve stiffness significantly per 10-fold increase in concentration (10-6 vs 10-7, p < 0.05; 10-5 vs 10-6, p < 0.05). This response was mitigated by Phent, Metop or endothelial denudation (p < 0.05), however, it was still increased significantly when compared to Controls (p < 0.05). ACH caused a decrease in stiffness accompanied by an increase in its concentration (significant change in stiffness per 10-fold increase in ACH concentration, 10-6 vs Control, p < 0.05; 10-5 vs 10-6, p < 0.05), which were reversed by endothelial denudation and Atrop (p > 0.05 vs Control). CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of the mechanical properties of porcine mitral valve cusps, which underline the importance of autonomic nervous status for optimal valve function.

FUNDAMENTO: La presencia de nervios en las válvulas cardíacas quedó demostrada por primera vez hace algunas décadas e identificadas en sub-poblaciones: simpáticas y parasimpáticas y por lo tanto, lo que se espera es que las válvulas reciban una gran afectación de los nervios autónomos. Sin embargo, pocos estudios se han concentrado en la regulación de válvulas cardíacas a través del sistema nervioso autónomo. OBJETIVO: Buscamos identificar el papel del sistema nervioso autónomo en la regulación de las propiedades mecánicas de los tejidos de las válvulas mitrales porcinas. MÉTODOS: Las propiedades mecánicas de las capas de válvulas mitrales porcinas fueron evaluadas en respuesta a la norepinefrina (NE) y a la acetilcolina (ACH), los principales neurotransmisores. Igualmente, la fentolamina (FENT), el metoprolol (Metop), la atropina (Atrop) y la denudación endotelial también se añadieron al sistema reactivo. RESULTADOS: Bajo condiciones fisiológicas, la rigidez no se afectó por el denudación endotelial (p > 0,05). La NE aumentó significativamente la rigidez valvular con un aumento de 10 veces en la concentración (10-6 vs 10-7, p < 0,05; 10-5 vs 10-6, p < 0,05). Esa respuesta fue amenizada por FENT, Metop o denudación endotelial (p < 0,05); pero se mantuvo aumentada de manera significativa cuando se le comparó con los Controles (p < 0,05). La ACH causó una disminución en la rigidez acompañada por un aumento en su concentración (alteración significativa en la rigidez por el aumento en 10 veces de la concentración de ACH, 10-6 vs Control, p < 0,05; 10-5 vs 10-6, p < 0,05), que fue revertida por la denudación endotelial y Atrop (p > 0,05 vs Control). CONCLUSIÓN: Esos hallazgos destacan el rol del sistema nervioso autónomo en la regulación de las propiedades mecánicas de las cúspides de la válvula mitral porcina, lo que refuerza la importancia del estado nervioso autónomo en el funcionamiento ideal de la válvula.

The bicuspid aortic valve and its relation to aortic dilation

BACKGROUND: A bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a common congenital heart disease, which affects 1-2 percent of the population. However, the relationship between BAVs and aortic dilation has not been sufficiently elucidated. METHODS: A total of 241 BAV patients who were referred to this hospital for cardiac surgey over a 4.75-year period were included in this study. In addition to the clinical characteristics of the included patients, the morphological features of the aortic valve and aorta, the length of the left main coronary artery, and the laboratory findings (the coagulation and hematological parameters as well as the total cholesterol concentration) were determined and compared with those of the tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) patients. RESULTS: The BAV patients were younger than the TAV patients for a valve surgery in the last 3 months of the study period. The BAV patients were predominantly male. Most of the BAVs that were surgically treated were stenotic, regurgitant, or combined, and only 19 (7.88 percent) were normally functioning valves. According to echocardiography or operative records, 148 (78.31 percent) were type A, 31 (16.40 percent) were type B, and 10 (5.29 percent) were type C. The left main coronary artery was much shorter in the BAV patients than it was in the TAV patients. There was no significant difference between BAV and TAV patients in the total cholesterol concentrations; whereas differences were noted between patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and those not receiving lipid-lowering therapy. The dimensions of the aortic root, sinotubular junction, and ascending aorta were beyond normal limits, while they were significantly smaller in the BAV patients than in the TAV patients. They were also much smaller in patients receiving statin therapy than those not receiving statin therapy in both groups. Moreover, the aortic dilation in the BAV group was found to be significantly associated with patient age. CONCLUSIONS: ...

Planimetric Measurement of the Regurgitant Orifice Area Using Multidetector CT for Aortic Regurgitation: a Comparison with the Use of Echocardiography

OBJECTIVE: This study compared the area of the regurgitant orifice, as measured by the use of multidetector-row CT (MDCT), with the severity of aortic regurgitation (AR) as determined by the use of echocardiography for AR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 45 AR patients underwent electrocardiography-gated 40-slice or 64-slice MDCT and transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography. We reconstructed CT data sets during mid-systolic to enddiastolic phases in 10% steps (20% and 35-95% of the R-R interval), planimetrically measuring the abnormally opened aortic valve area during diastole on CT reformatted images and comparing the area of the aortic regurgitant orifice (ARO) so measured with the severity of AR, as determined by echocardiography. RESULTS: In the 14 patients found to have mild AR, the ARO area was 0.18+/-0.13 cm2 (range, 0.04-0.54 cm2). In the 15 moderate AR patients, the ARO area was 0.36 +/- 0.23 cm2 (range, 0.09-0.81 cm2). In the 16 severe AR patients, the ARO area was 1.00 +/- 0.51 cm2 (range, 0.23-1.84 cm2). Receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis determined a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 82%, for a cutoff of 0.47 cm2, to distinguish severe AR from less than severe AR with the use of CT (area under the curve = 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.84-1.00; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Planimetric measurement of the ARO area using MDCT is useful for the quantitative evaluation of the severity of aortic regurgitation.

Cirurgia de preservação da valva aórtica em idosos com estenose aórtica / Aortic valve preservation surgery in elderly patients with aortic stenosis

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar resultados imediatos e tardios da cirurgia de preservação da valva aórtica por meio do desbastamento, descalcificação e comissurotomia da valva aórtica na estenose aórtica em idosos. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado no InCor FMUSP, no qual foram operados 32 pacientes > 65 anos com estenose aórtica isolada, submetidos a plastia da valva aórtica. Observamos os resultados imediatos e tardios, o seguimento ecocardiográfico e clínico; sendo este último pela revisão das consultas ambulatoriais e entrevista por contato telefônico. A sobrevida atuarial e livre de eventos foi calculada pelo método de Kaplan-Meier. RESULTADOS: Quatro (15,4 por cento) pacientes apresentaram reestenose da valva aórtica. Cinco pacientes evoluíram com insuficiência aórtica moderada e dois com insuficiência aórtica grave. Os procedimentos realizados na cirurgia foram: descalcificação, comissurotomia e desbastamento em 28, 20 e 16 pacientes, respectivamente. As complicações pós-operatórias graves totalizaram nove (28,1 por cento) pacientes. Ocorreram dois óbitos hospitalares, estes por sepse causada por pneumonia hospitalar, e cinco tardios. A classe funcional pós-operatória, segundo a NYHA, em ordem decrescente foi de 70,5 por cento, 17,6 por cento, 5,8 por cento e 5,8 por cento; para as classes funcionais I, II, III e IV, respectivamente. A sobrevida actuarial foi de 66,9 por cento + 12,1 por cento em oito anos. A curva livre de tromboembolismo e endocardite foram de 90,9 por cento + 8,7 por cento e 100 por cento em oito anos, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A cirurgia de preservação da valva aórtica em idosos com estenose aórtica nesta série de pacientes mostrou-se com baixa morbidade e mortalidade, taxa de sobrevida satisfatória em oito anos e melhora da classe funcional no seguimento apresentado.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate early and late results of the aortic valve preservation surgery (AVPS) through rough-hewing, demineralization and commissurotomy of the aortic valve (AV) in aortic stenosis (AS) at elderly people. METHODS: Thirty-two patients operated for pure AS, older than 65 years-old were studied at InCor FMUSP. Early and late results, clinical (ambulatory and phone interview) and echocardiographic follow-up were investigated. Actuarial and event-free survival analysis was done using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Four patients (15.4 percent) had presented de novo AV stenosis. Five patients had progressed to moderate and two to serious aortic regurgitation. Demineralization, commissurotomy and rough-hewing were realized in 28, 20 and 16 patients, respectively. Nine patients had presented serious postoperative complications (28.1 percent). Two hospital-acquired pneumonia sepsis and five late deaths had occurred. Postoperative NYHA functional status were 70.5 percent, 17.6 percent, 5.8 percent and 5.8 percent for functional classes I, II, III and IV, respectively. Actuarial eight-year survival rate was 66.9 ± 12.1 percent. Eight-year free thromboembolism and endocarditis rate were 90.9 ± 8.7 percent and 100 percent, respectively. CONCLUSION: Aortic valve preservation surgery at the aged with AS was revealed a low morbidity and mortality procedure and presented an eight-year acceptable survival rate and functional status improvement among the studied series of patients.

Determinantes populacionais da rigidez aórtica / Determining factors of arterial stiffness in population

A importância da rigidez aórtica como marcador de risco cardiovascular tem sido demonstrada recentemente em grandes estudos populacionais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a participação de fatores de risco cardiovascular na determinação da rigidez aórtica medida pela velocidade de pulso (VOP) carotídeo-femoral em uma amostra populacional. Foi realizado, nos anos de 1999 e 2000, um estudo do tipo coorte transversal no município de Vitória (ES), Brasil, para investigar a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular nos moldes do Projeto Monica, da OMS. Uma amostra estratificada para idade (24 a 65 anos), sexo e nível socioeconômico foi delineada. Foram visitados 2.230 indivíduos em domicílio e, destes, 1.507 aceitaram fazer exames complementares na clínica. Foram feitas medidas de pressão arterial, eletrocardiografia e dosagens bioquímicas. A medida da VOP carotídeo-femoral (Complior, França) foi utilizada como medida de rigidez aórtica. Na análise univariada, a VOP mostrou-se correlacionada com a idade (r = 0,44; P < 0,001), sexo (p < 0,001), pressão arterial (sendo a correlação da PAS > PAD > PP), freqüência cardíaca (r = 0,13; P < 0,001), índice de massa corporal (r = 0,16; P < 0,001) e índice de Sokolow-Lyon (r = 0,13; P < 0,001). A análise de regressão múltipla mostrou, no entanto, que apenas idade, pressão arterial sistólica, freqüência cardíaca, sexo e ácido úrico permanecem correlacionados. A rigidez aórtica é determinada principalmente pela idade, e freqüência cardíaca também participa de forma independente. O papel da uricemia na determinação da rigidez aórtica, apesar de fisiopatologicamente plausível, carece de maior confirmação. Observou-se também que, enquanto a pressão de pulso aumenta a partir da sexta década de vida, a VOP o faz a partir da terceira, tornando este parâmetro mais apropriado à estratificação do risco cardiovascular

Endocardite por staphylococcus aureus em valva aórtica bivalvular, associado à membrana subaórtica e embolia cerebral / Endocarditis by Staphylococcus aureus in aortic valve bivalvular, association in subaortic membrane

Paciente jovem, portador de valva aórtica bicúspidee membrana subaórtica que foi acometido porendocardite por staphylococcus em valva, fezmúltiplos acidentes vasculares encefálicosembólicos, tendo evoluído para o óbito